The Designer's Dilemma: Evaluating Hekkert's ViP and Brown's Design Thinking Through the Lens of Generative AI
July 2026, Vol. 4, No. 2, Issue
Author(s)
Rahat Varma (Design Educator and Independent Researcher, New Delhi)
Abstract
Examining Paul Hekkert’s Vision in Product Design (ViP) and Tim Brown’s Design Thinking, this paper interrogates their relevance in an era increasingly shaped by generative artificial intelligence. Both methodologies emerged from pre-AI paradigms ViP from Delft University’s industrial design tradition (1990s–2011) and Design Thinking from IDEO’s human-centered consultancy practice (2009). While each offers distinct approaches to fostering creativity, empathy, and structured innovation, the rapid integration of AI tools into design education raises fundamental questions about their continued validity. Through comparative analysis of primary texts, systematic literature review of recent empirical studies (2024–2026), and critical examination of AI capabilities, this paper argues that both methods exhibit significant limitations when confronted with AI’s capacities in pattern recognition, idea generation, and user research simulation. However, their core values contextual awareness (ViP) and empathic engagement (Design Thinking) remain indispensable. The analysis further identifies an experience dependent asymmetry: AI augments novice designers’ ideation while supporting experienced designers’ refinement. Drawing on recent empirical evidence, the paper proposes a hybrid pedagogical framework that preserves human-centric values while strategically integrating AI as a collaborative design partner. The analysis suggests that design education must evolve from teaching fixed methodologies to cultivating metacognitive skills that enable designers to orchestrate human–AI creative collaboration.
Keywords
Design thinking; Vision in Product design (ViP); Generative artificial intelligence; Design education; Design methodology; Empathy in design; Human-AI collaboration
DOI :
Copyright & Licence
Authors publishing in JAARD retain copyright in their work and grant the journal the right of first publication. Published articles are made available under the Creative Commons licence specified by the journal. Current licence: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0).
Dates
Published: 31stJuly 2026
Received: 14th April 2026
Accepted: 1st June 2026
Pages : 102-116
Citation
Varma, R. (2026). The designer’s dilemma: Evaluating Hekkert’s ViP and Brown’s design thinking through the lens of generative AI. International Journal of Arts, Architecture & Design, 4(2), 102–116. https://doi.org/10.62030/2026Julypaper7
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